Corporate Governance Essay Example for Free

Corporate Governance Essay In a commercial organisation, the board of directors is typically charged with the key responsibility for corporate governance – protecting the rights of shareholders and creditors, ensuring contractual obligations and regulatory compliance. In the public sector, the elected government is typically responsible for corporate governance, and in semi-government and statutory bodies like State Rail, Sydney Water, the Australian Broadcasting Authority, the University of NSW, etc – and in not- for-profit organisations – governments will usually mandate a body similar to a board of directors with the responsibility for corporate governance. What does corporate governance involve? In a recent article, Gomez Korine (2005, pp. 739-752) propose that: Corporate governance can be understood as a set of contracts that defines the relationships among the three principal actors in the corporation. To simplify what this actually means, corporate governance is the set of relationships where: †¢A key stakeholder whom they refer to as the sovereign (in the case of commercial organisations this would be the shareholders; in the case of public sector agencies, the elected government; for not-for-profit organisations this is often the ‘members’ or other key stakeholders as defined by legislation) †¢sets in place a governing body (eg, board, council, senate, etc) with responsibility for overseeing the actions of the governer (management, staff, employees, volunteers, players, etc) Increasingly, societies and governments are reacting to a rapidly changing world surrounding them, and modifying the regulations affecting ‘corporate governance’ accordingly. The numbers and interests of stakeholders who are affected by the actions of organisations is expanding. Organisations are being seen to impact on: the economy the natural environment society through opportunities for work and employment conditions of work family life, etc Consequently, there are increasingly complex expectations placed on organisations of all sizes to consider and take responsibility for decisions and actions beyond simply their ‘money making’ or other purposes and goals. Corporate governance covers a large number of distinct concepts and phenomenon as we can see from the definition adopted by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) – â€Å"Corporate governance is the system by which business corporations are directed and controlled. The corporate governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation, such as, the board, managers, shareholders and other stakeholders and spells out the rules and procedures for making decisions in corporate affairs. By doing this, it also provides the structure through which the company objectives are set and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance†1. From this definition we see that corporate governance includes the relationship of a company to its shareholders and to society; the promotion of fairness, transparency and accountability; reference to mechanisms that are used to â€Å"gov ern† managers and to ensure that the actions taken are consistent with the interests of key stakeholder groups. The key points of interest in corporate governance therefore include issues of transparency and accountability, the legal and regulatory environment, appropriate risk management measures, information flows and the responsibility of senior management and the board of directors. Harshbarger and Holden (2004) point out that while many of the governance issues that organizations face are not new, the environment in which they confront them is more challenging than ever: State and Federal law enforcement have applied significantly increased resources and a more aggressive philosophy toward confrontation of governance lapses; the media spotlight has increased awareness among those constituents directly affected as well as the business community as a whole; shareholder proposals are taken more seriously; and the judiciary has demonstrated its willingness for a more stringent definition of good faith. As well, there are a number of factors that have brought ethical issues into sharper focus, including globalization, technology and rising competition. Van Beek and Solomon (2004) also note the ability to deliver a professional service will necessarily take place in an environment in which there is an increasing tendency towards individuality, while society as a whole becomes more global. The new realities of corporate governance show that no entity or agent is immune from fraudulent practices and have altered the way companies operate; they have re-defined the baseline for what is considered prudent conduct for businesses and executives (Dandino, 2004). CORPORATE STRATEGY Strategy can be developed at many levels – in a multi-layered organisation there may be: †¢Corporate level strategy – decisions made for the whole corporation or organisation to gain the better of adversaries or attain ends. Business unit or divisional strategy – decisions made for the business unit or division to gain the better of adversaries or attain the business units end. Functional strategies – such as marketing/finance/huma n resources/IT/technology/ operational/production/etc. strategies. There would be marketing decisions (or finance or HR decisions, etc) designed to get the better of an adversary or attain a marketing/finance, etc, end. †¢So what do we mean by ends? Other terms that are frequently used here for the same concept are goals or missions or visions. Organisations typically have (or should have) a set of goals, desired outcomes or a view of their purpose (mission), or their future achievements and positions (visions) in mind. Ideally these are clearly articulated and understood by everyone in the organisation. When these ends (goals, mission, vision) are clearly understood, then the board, management, staff and partners of the organisation are able to ‘develop’ strategy to achieve these. What is a strategic plan? A plan, whether strategic, tactical, operational, marketing, finance – or whatever – is really just a set of decisions that have been captured in some form (document, web page, PowerPoint presentation, video, etc) that set out the answer to three key questions: 1. Where are we now? 2. Where are we going? 3. How will we get there? Accordingly, a plan is formed by: †¢analysing the existing and ex pected future trends and factors affecting the organisation/business unit, etc †¢setting down clear statements of the outcomes that will help to achieve the ends that the organisation has set itself (these statements of outcomes are commonly called objectives) †¢describing some tactics and actions that will lead to achieving the outcomes ETHICS IN A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT The dawn of a global knowledge society with information-driven economies and expansion of cross-border trade as consequences of liberalization and globalization policy is placing new demands on business organizations for more innovative approaches in business ethics at both local as well as global business environment (Nissanke and Thorbecke, 2005). This premise is consistent with Brownlie et al. (1999) who indicate that; â€Å"What is it like to think new thoughts†¦ to undo the fragile web of assumption†¦ to render new images to the familiar†¦ to look anew at the world†¦ to see the ordinary and everyday from a fresh perspective?† Many research scholars today share this view and indicate that what they took for granted, assumed, believed and worked towards has been upended by those who argue that in order to ‘get it right’ in a global business environment, organizations must rethink their business ethics approach. Sheth and Sisodia (1999) also support this hypothesis by asserting that, the context of ethics in global business environment is changing in fundamental ways. The acceptance of law-like generalizations has to be, as they suggest, â€Å"Either enhanced or modified†. The old opinion of business ethics as â€Å"an oxymoron†, or that â€Å"business organizations do not have ethics† (Laczniak and Murphy, 1993) is being re-thought. The business ethics is increasingly being called into question from various quarters (Brownlie et al., 1999) and research scholars are developing the discipline in order to challenge the ethical complacency that existed in the past. Business ethics is ultimately the ethics of power, of how to handle the power of business and how that power is acquired, increased and exercised. The need for ethics in business has never been greater, precisely because the power of business was never so manifold and as extensive as it is today (Mahoney, 1997). The term ‘ethics’ has generally been used to refer to the rules and principles of right and wrong conduct. It therefore boils down to morality and good or bad conduct. Business ethics are a set of rules that stipulate how businesses and their employees ought to behave (Aldag and Stearns, 1991). DiPiazza (2002) says â€Å"I see ethics as a mission-critical issue†¦. deeply embedded into who we are and what we do. Its just as important as our product development cycle or our distribution system†¦its about creating a culture based on integrity and respect, not a culture based on dealing with the crisis of the day†¦We speak to ourselves every day, ‘Are we doing the right things?† Sheth, Gardner and Garret (1988) opine that ethical decision-making in a business environment is very complex, and that allegedly â€Å"guilty business practitioners have quite sincerely stated that they honestly did not realize that their actions could possibly create ethical problems†. Business organizations operating at international levels often find that many countries differ in what is considered wrong or right in a business market. IN TERMS OF SONY: ETHICS Ethical business conduct and compliance with applicable laws and regulations are fundamental aspects of Sonys corporate culture. To this end, Sony has established a Global Compliance Network comprised of the Compliance Division at the corporate headquarters, a global compliance leadership team, and regional offices around the world; adopted and implemented the Sony Group Code of Conduct; and set up Compliance Hotline systems through its Global Compliance Network all in order to reinforce the Companys worldwide commitment to integrity and help assure resources are available for employees to raise concerns or seek guidance about legal and ethical matters. In July 2001, Sony Corporation established the Compliance Division, charged with exercising overall control over compliance activities across the Sony Group, to emphasize the importance of business ethics and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and internal policies. The Compliance establishes compliance policies and structures for the Sony Group and performs crisis management functions. In July 2003, Sony established a regional compliance network comprised of offices in the Americas, Europe, Japan, East Asia*1 and Pan-Asia,*2 which are charged with exercising regional control over compliance activities to strengthen the compliance system throughout the Sony Group. Officers responsible for compliance in each region have the authority to issue instructions concerning compliance to Sony Group companies in their respective regions and, by cooperating with one another, are working to establish and maintain a comprehensive global compliance structure. To further reinforce global compliance efforts, a Compliance Leadership Team was formed in September 2009 as an additional component of the global compliance organization. The Compliance Leadership Team assists the Sony Corporation General Counsel and Compliance Division in identifying, developing and implementing key compliance strategies and compliance-related measures; encourages more active participation in Group-wide compliance activities from a larger group of key Sony personnel by involving not only the Regional Compliance Officers but also experienced legal/compliance personnel from Sony Group companies; and creates a global framework that by its very structure highlights the companys compliance priorities and commitment to best practices. *1Coverage area of East Asia compliance office: Mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea *2Coverage area of Pan-Asia compliance office: Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa and Oceania *3 The Americas Office is responsible for Sony Corporation of America, the Sony Pictures Entertainment Group, and the Sony Music Entertainment Group, in addition to the Electronics Group companies in the Americas Region . The Sony Europe, East Asia and Pan-Asia Offices are responsible for the Electronics Group companies in their respective regions. The Japan Office is responsible for Sony Corporation, the Sony Computer Entertainment Group, and Sony Financial Holdings, in addition to the Electronics Group Companies in Japan CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: Sony is committed to strong corporate governance. As a part of this effort, in 2003, Sony adopted the Company with Committees corporate governance system under the Companies Act of Japan. In addition to complying with the requirements of applicable governance laws and regulations, Sony has introduced its own requirements to help improve the soundness and transparency of its governance by strengthening the separation of the Directors function from that of management and advancing the proper functioning of the statutory committees. Under Sonys system, the Board of Directors defines the respective areas for which each of the Corporate Executive Officers is responsible and delegates to them decision-making authority to manage the business, thereby promoting the prompt and efficient management of the Sony Group. Sony Corporation is governed by its Board of Directors, which is appointed by resolution at the shareholders meeting. The Board has three committees (the Nominating Committee, Audit Committee and Compensation Committee), consisting of Directors named by the Board of Directors. Corporate Executive Officers are appointed by resolution of the Board of Directors. In addition to these statutory bodies and positions, Sony has Corporate Executives who carry out business operations within designated areas. Board of Directors: Determines the fundamental management policies of the Sony Group Oversees the management of Sony Groups business operations Appoints and dismisses the statutory committee members Appoints and dismisses Representative Corporate Executive Officers and Corporate Executive Officers Nominating Committee: Determines the content of proposals regarding the appointment/dismissal of Directors Audit Committee: Monitors the performance of duties by Directors and Corporate Executive Officers (with respect to processes in place to ensure the adequacy of the financial reporting process, to enable management to ensure the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, to ensure timely and appropriate disclosure, and to ensure compliance with applicable law, Articles of Incorporation and internal policies). Monitors the status of any other items described in the Internal Control and Governance Framework determined or reaffirmed by the Board of Directors in accordance with the Companies Act of Japan. As part of its monitoring, attends the Nominating Committee and Compensation Committee meetings. Oversees and evaluates the work of the independent auditor (including to evaluate the adequacy of its independence and its qualification, to propose its appointment/dismissal or non-reappointment, to approve its compensation, to evaluate the appropriateness of its audit regarding the financial results and internal control over financial reporting, and to pre-approve its engagement for any services other than audit services to be provided) Prepares the Audit Committee Review Report in which the Audit Committee expresses its opinion on the performance of duties of Directors and Corporate Executive Officers, on the Business Report and on the independent auditors audit procedures and results based on its review activities including review of the matters subject to the Committees opinion in the Audit Committee Review Report. Compensation Committee: Sets policy on the contents of individual compensation for Directors, Corporate Executive Officers, Corporate Executives and Group Executives, and determines the amount and content of individual compensation of Directors and Corporate Executive Officers in accordance with the policy Corporate Executive Officers: Make decisions regarding the execution of Sony Group business activities within the scope of the authority delegated to them by the Board of Directors Corporate Executives: Carry out business operations within designated areas, including business units, headquarters func tions, and/or research and development, in accordance with the fundamental policies determined by the Board of Directors and the Corporate Executive Officers

Robert Burns :: essays research papers

People have made entire careers off the belief in and practices of astrology. The idea of the stars determining our fate has withheld people’s interest for centuries. Robert Burns, an Aquarius, was very anti-superstition. He had almost no belief in astrological predictions or zodiac signs. There is some humor in this though, because through Burns’ poems and songs this pseudoscience shows just how accurate it can be. The most parallel example of Burns’ personality and his Aquarius sign can be seen in the work The Fornicator.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Burns was born January 25, 1759, son to a dirt poor farmer and a mother who never learned to write her own name. He held many jobs before making a name for himself as a poet, to include a farmer and excise officer. Burns was famed for his poetry and songs and has been called Scotland’s answer to Shakespeare. He was also renowned for his excessive drinking and womanizing, one such biographer, Ian McIntyre, remarked that Burns was â€Å"incapable of addressing a woman, on paper or in the flesh, without placing a hand on her thigh.† It was also reported that he fathered over a dozen children in and out of marriage. The official reason for Burns’ death was rheumatic heart disease, but it is often attributed to the bottle. Upon death critics and obituary writers labeled him a â€Å"drunkard.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aquarius, the zodiac symbol assigned to those born between January 21 and February 19. Traditional Aquarian traits are that they are: friendly and humanitarian, original and inventive, independent and intellectual. Some negative aspects of Aquarians are that they can be: intractable and contrary, perverse and unpredictable, unemotional and detached. Aquarians generally possess strong and attractive personalities. They can fall into two categories: one shy, sensitive, gentle and patient; the other exuberant, lively and exhibitionist, sometimes hiding the depth of their character under a cloak of frivolity. Among the faults to which Aquarians are liable are: fanatical eccentricity, wayward egotism, excessive detachment and an inclination to retreat from life and society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem the Fornicator speaks to all the young gentlemen of Burns era and today’s male audience. This piece is about Burns referring to himself as a fornicator and impregnating a girl, Elizabeth Paton, out of wed lock. There is an air of sarcasm and regret throughout the poem; not some much about impregnating the woman but having to deal with the hassles of potentially being bogged down with a child.

Accounting Fraud at Worldcom

Accounting Fraud at WorldCom LDDS began operations in 1984 offering services to local retail and commercial customers in the southern states. It was initially a loss making enterprise, and thus hired Bernie J. (Bernie) Ebbers to run things. It took him less than a year to make the company profitable. By the end of 1993, LDDS was the fourth largest long distance carrier in the United States. After a shareholder vote in May 1995, the company officially came to be known as WorldCom. WorldCom culture was dominated by a strong chief executive officer (Bernie J. Bernie) Ebbers), who was given virtually unfettered discretion to commit vast amounts of shareholder resources and determine corporate direction without even the slightest scrutiny or meaningful deliberation or analysis by senior management or the board of directors and legal function was less influential and less welcome than in a healthy corporate environment. Top hierarchy granted compensation and bonus beyond the company guidel ines to a select group of individuals based on their loyalty to them.The company’s human resource virtually never objected to such special awards. Inaddition, there was no outlet for employees to express their concerns. The room four improvement and corrective measures was obsolete, the consequence of all these culture irregularities were the factor to the big disaster for the company. According to Ebber, in 1997,†our goal is to be the NO. 1 stock on Wall Street. †Revenue growth was a key to increasing the company’s market value. Ebbers was obsessed with revenue growth and insisted on a 42% E/R ratio.He encouraged managers to push for revenue, even if it meant that long term costs would outweigh the short term gains. As business operations declined post the 1st quarter in 2000, CFO Sullivan used accounting tactics to achieve targeted performance, accounting principles require companies to estimate expected payments from line costs and match them with revenu es in the income statement,. Throughout 1999 and 2000, Sullivan told staff to release accruals which too high compared to the relative cash payments, without considered â€Å"Matching Principe†.Over a 7 quarter period between 1999 and 2000, WorldCom released $3. 3 billion worth of accruals. Sullivan directed the making of accounting entries that had no basis in generally accepted accounting principles in order to create the false appearance that WorldCom had achieved those revenue targets. As an accountant, one should be familiar with the standards and rules of the position, accept personal responsibilities for the foreseeable consequence of actions, and realize the long-term effect of such behavior on the accounting industry and the citizens.At all times, an accountant should conduct themselves with integrity, dignity, and respect for the position held in society. Whistleblowers frequently face reprisal, sometimes at the hands of the organization or group which they have acc used, sometimes from related organizations, and sometimes under law. | As Terance Miethe explains in his book, Whistle blowing at Work, many people see the whistleblower as a â€Å"snitch,† or a â€Å"a lowlife who betrays a sacred trust largely for personal gain. † In the flip side, whistleblowers are seen as â€Å"saviors† who ultimately helped create important changes in organizations.This approach to whistleblowers as guardians of public accountability is often taken by consumer advocates. I would not consider blowing the whistle. I would rather distance myself after informing my immediate supervisor if any wrong practice or misconduct similar to the WorldCom Fraud is happening in my environment. Public confidence in the accounting profession has been changed by corporate scandals, which created a crisis that affected the reputation and credibility of accounting professionals.The unethical decisions made by accountants can prove detrimental to the public who rely on information from the financial statements to make decisions. Users of financial statements rely on the information purported by an enterprise to exhibit certain qualitative characteristics that are both relevant and reliable. The impact of unethical decisions of both corporate leaders and accounting firms involving financial reporting by U. S. orporations has necessitated a new governmental regulation under SOX Act of 2002. President Bush signed this Act into law (Public Law 107-204) on July 30, 2002. The Act resulted in major changes to compliance practices of large U. S. and non-U. S. companies, whose securities are listed or traded on U. S. stock exchanges, requiring executives, boards of directors and external auditors to undertake measures to implement greater accountability, responsibility and transparency of financial reporting. Accounting Fraud at Worldcom Accounting Fraud at WorldCom LDDS began operations in 1984 offering services to local retail and commercial customers in the southern states. It was initially a loss making enterprise, and thus hired Bernie J. (Bernie) Ebbers to run things. It took him less than a year to make the company profitable. By the end of 1993, LDDS was the fourth largest long distance carrier in the United States. After a shareholder vote in May 1995, the company officially came to be known as WorldCom. WorldCom culture was dominated by a strong chief executive officer (Bernie J. Bernie) Ebbers), who was given virtually unfettered discretion to commit vast amounts of shareholder resources and determine corporate direction without even the slightest scrutiny or meaningful deliberation or analysis by senior management or the board of directors and legal function was less influential and less welcome than in a healthy corporate environment. Top hierarchy granted compensation and bonus beyond the company guidel ines to a select group of individuals based on their loyalty to them.The company’s human resource virtually never objected to such special awards. Inaddition, there was no outlet for employees to express their concerns. The room four improvement and corrective measures was obsolete, the consequence of all these culture irregularities were the factor to the big disaster for the company. According to Ebber, in 1997,†our goal is to be the NO. 1 stock on Wall Street. †Revenue growth was a key to increasing the company’s market value. Ebbers was obsessed with revenue growth and insisted on a 42% E/R ratio.He encouraged managers to push for revenue, even if it meant that long term costs would outweigh the short term gains. As business operations declined post the 1st quarter in 2000, CFO Sullivan used accounting tactics to achieve targeted performance, accounting principles require companies to estimate expected payments from line costs and match them with revenu es in the income statement,. Throughout 1999 and 2000, Sullivan told staff to release accruals which too high compared to the relative cash payments, without considered â€Å"Matching Principe†.Over a 7 quarter period between 1999 and 2000, WorldCom released $3. 3 billion worth of accruals. Sullivan directed the making of accounting entries that had no basis in generally accepted accounting principles in order to create the false appearance that WorldCom had achieved those revenue targets. As an accountant, one should be familiar with the standards and rules of the position, accept personal responsibilities for the foreseeable consequence of actions, and realize the long-term effect of such behavior on the accounting industry and the citizens.At all times, an accountant should conduct themselves with integrity, dignity, and respect for the position held in society. Whistleblowers frequently face reprisal, sometimes at the hands of the organization or group which they have acc used, sometimes from related organizations, and sometimes under law. | As Terance Miethe explains in his book, Whistle blowing at Work, many people see the whistleblower as a â€Å"snitch,† or a â€Å"a lowlife who betrays a sacred trust largely for personal gain. † In the flip side, whistleblowers are seen as â€Å"saviors† who ultimately helped create important changes in organizations.This approach to whistleblowers as guardians of public accountability is often taken by consumer advocates. I would not consider blowing the whistle. I would rather distance myself after informing my immediate supervisor if any wrong practice or misconduct similar to the WorldCom Fraud is happening in my environment. Public confidence in the accounting profession has been changed by corporate scandals, which created a crisis that affected the reputation and credibility of accounting professionals.The unethical decisions made by accountants can prove detrimental to the public who rely on information from the financial statements to make decisions. Users of financial statements rely on the information purported by an enterprise to exhibit certain qualitative characteristics that are both relevant and reliable. The impact of unethical decisions of both corporate leaders and accounting firms involving financial reporting by U. S. orporations has necessitated a new governmental regulation under SOX Act of 2002. President Bush signed this Act into law (Public Law 107-204) on July 30, 2002. The Act resulted in major changes to compliance practices of large U. S. and non-U. S. companies, whose securities are listed or traded on U. S. stock exchanges, requiring executives, boards of directors and external auditors to undertake measures to implement greater accountability, responsibility and transparency of financial reporting.

Dramatic Devices in Williams Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Essay

Dramatic Devices in Williams Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Williams instinctively understands the loneliness of a human being - his or her constant and desperate attempt that is to escape the reality that is there loneliness and their subsequent failure to do so. Williams portrays this loneliness to an audience through the spatial distances on stage between characters, which is suggested in the stage direction. Margaret is alone. It is also emphasised through symbolism and the dialogue between characters. Big Mama accuses Margaret of not satisfying Brick in bed and of Bricks break down. After this accusation, Margaret is alone, completely alone. By repeating this stage direction Williams is†¦show more content†¦It is also why she oscillates between convincing Brick of her sexuality and her obsession with children. Ive borne no children, Im childless, you cant have babies, they gloat over us being childless. This obsession makes her very insecure. When Big Mama starts questioning, Dyou make Brick happy in bed? She is observing tha t Maggies sexuality isnt enough, therefore this breaks Maggies crutch and leaves her completely alone and isolated. As a defence mechanism, Maggie creates another personality for herself, I am Maggie the cat! Williams uses this animal as it has many connotations. A cat has connotations of being a fighter and a survivor and also of being a solitary animal. Maggie has all of these qualities but at this point in the play she is especially showing that of a solitary animal. The dialogue also displays the isolation between the two characters. Maggie does a lot of talking, You know, our sex life didnt just peter out in the normal wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the best lookin man in the crowd-followed me upstairs and tried to force his way in the powder room with me, followed me to the door and tried to force his way in! These lengthy speeches often have no particular or relevant point but are just to fill the silence. Bricks dialogue mainly consists of short,Show MoreRelatedOthello, By William Shakespeare1923 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent ways and interpret things differently as well. In the 3 texts dissatisfaction or complication is shown. Firstly in Othello love is presented as ephemeral and transient while atonement love is presented as unrequited and finally in cat on a hot tin roof love is presented as painful and troublesome due to unreciprocated feelings. The tragic plot of Othello hinges on the potential of the villain, Iago, to deceive other characters, above all Roderigo and Othello, through encouraging them toRead MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pagesexception of Celtic pattern-making, book design and illumination had sunk to a low in most of Europe. - Many people feared that the year 1000 AD would be the end of the world. - On New Years Ever, 999 AD, many people stripped naked, and lay on their roofs waiting for final judgment. - By 1150 AD, Bibles were becoming massively produced. - During the 1200’s, the rise of universities created an expanding market for books. - The Book of Revelation had a surge of unexplained popularity in England andRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesthrough trial and error, Henry Ford’s talented team of production managers pioneered the development of the moving conveyor belt and thus changed manufacturing practices forever. Although the technical aspects of the move to mass production were a dramatic ï ¬ nancial success for Ford and for the millions of Americans who could now afford cars, for the workers who actually produced the cars many human and social problems resulted. With simpliï ¬ cation of the work process, workers grew to hate the monotony

Characterization In Hills Like White Elephants, By Ernest...

f an extended period of time has passed, and a single word has not been written- written, not scrawled lazily or typed in haste, but when words pass through the heart and into the brain, carefully pumped out of a bleeding vein onto whatever medium that is being used, the writer grows frenzied. Her dreams become ravenous, and her dominant hand aches to be used properly. Soon, every passing moment is an anxious one, and the only antidote to her ordeal is to write. And yet, as much as the writer loves to write, writing also stands across from her in what seems like an uncrossable chasm-her undefeatable enemy. So the writer enrolls herself in an English class, and learns to conquer writing through characterization, imagery, and metaphors. In†¦show more content†¦For example, Williams begins the poem with so much depends/upon (557) Immediately after this, is the line a red wheel/barrow (557) The writer ponders, why did Williams make the wheelbarrow red? She then realizes that in literature, red is typically associated with power and passion, and isn’t that exactly what Williams is saying? The a single wheelbarrow holds great power in a desolate farm? Through this bitterly short poem, the writer learns the power of imagery, even in its simplest form. The third weapon that the writer obtains is perhaps the most powerful one. Through metaphors, the writer learns that writing is stringing a series of words together, in the hopes of creating a work that holds a certain kind of meaning to it. Belatedly, she went back and realized how ladden every work she had read in her class was with metaphors, but it was only until she had read A Raisin in The Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, did she see just powerful they were. The play, A Raisin in The Sun boasted a plethora of metaphors, but a recurring one was Mama’s plant. Throughout the play, Mama is diligent in how she takes care of the plant, despite the less than ideal conditions it grows in. Despite this, both Mama and the plant persevere, and upon its blooming, Mama grows hopeful that she may be a good gardener. The plant is a metaphor for severalShow MoreRelatedHills Like White Elephants, By Ernest Hemingway1673 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† by Ernest Hemingway: The Morality Within the Operation Ernest Hemingway created the iceberg theory, by which he expects the reader to know a great deal of information from the little he expresses in his work. This style is evident in his short story, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† because the information the reader must obtain is hidden underneath the surface. This writing style often confuses the reader, but when the short story is read multiple times, the reader canRead MoreAbortion In Ernest Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants1237 Words   |  5 Pages The short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† by Ernest Hemingway, talk about a young couple and their relationship issue about abortion. Even though, the story happened in a short period of time, but it tells more than just a story. The woman named Jig, where the man only called as â€Å" a man† or â€Å" The American.† Although the relationship between them is complicated, but it is clearly that they are not married. However, they continued their relationship which came to result that Jig became pregnantRead MoreEssay about Hills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway552 Words   |  3 PagesHills Like White Elephants The Latin saying, mutatis mutandi, translates into everything affects everything else, and this especially applies to the characterization used in Ernest Hemingway’s Hills Like White Elephants. Through close examination, it is evident that the character of Jig is revealed not only through her own actions, but also through the contrasting descriptions of her surrounding environment and her subtle mannerisms. By strategically scattering these faint clues toRead MoreThe Transition From A Woman To A Mother in Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants729 Words   |  3 PagesThe Transition from a Woman to a Mother in Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like white Elephants† In â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway, the author utilizes various fictional elements to provide his readers with the information necessary to further explore and discover the depth of the short story’s significance. The story is set up as a dialogue between two characters, the American and Jig. The American has gotten Jig pregnant and the two are debating on whether or not to keep the baby,Read More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway886 Words   |  4 Pagesreader could put themselves into. Whether they choose to partake in a wayward journey full of adventure or the daily life of a human being with morals; a story’s aspect influences those thoughts with a deeper understanding. In Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† it follows an American man and girl at a resting point during their travels. They arrived by train, stopping between Barcelona and Madrid. While there, they patiently waited for the next train at a bar inside of the station.Read MoreComparing Two Different Styles. Two Stories. Both Of Which760 Words   |  4 Pagesdifference in publish dates. T. Coraghessan Boyle’s story—The Love of My Life—and Ernest Hemingway’s story—Hills like White Elephants—are both short stories about abortion. However, the stylistic techniques that both writers exhibit are entirely different. These two well-known authors both write entirely different from each other; moreover, some of the writing choices made would strike a disagreement between Boyle and Hemingway. Therefore, this begs the question: if Boyle were to revise Hemingway’s storyRead MoreErnest Hemingway s `` Indian Camp `` And Hills Like White Elephants ``928 Words   |  4 Pagescase with Ernest Hemingway as he was well-known to scholars to have his short stories filled with male-chauvinist characters either abusing or disregarding weak and helpless women. However, Bauer, a professor of English and women’s studies, believes that the characterization of Hemingway as an abuser and having a blatant disregard of women is almost entirely created by the scholars and readers of his stories. With an analysis of Hemingway’s â€Å"Indian Camp† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, Bauer attemptsRead More Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway Essay4279 Words   |  18 Pagesmemorable short story is called Hills Like White Elephants. The author, Ernest Hemingway, has created many intriguing stories with his recognizable syntax. 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The Leadership Of Servant Leadership - 854 Words

Unit 2 Journal The second unit ‘Leading by Serving’ discussed the topic of servant leadership. Through examples of people from past and present we learned who servant leaders are and what their qualities and characteristics are. We also learned about the importance of servant leaders in other people’s lives and that being a servant leader is a decision and has nothing to do with our position. In my life there has always been a group of people who I admired for having something what I described to myself as an â€Å"inner light,† a special quality when it came to relationships with others. This unit showed me the secret was often the servant leadership role they play or played in their lives. I realized putting other peoples needs before mine is not only what I’ve been thought to do through my life, but what should be a priority for me both in my personal life and in my dream of becoming a successful manager/leader. â€Å"The great leader is seen as servant first, and that simple fact is the key to his greatness,† says Robert K. Greenleaf in an essay â€Å"The Servant as Leader† in which he explains and defines servant leadership (Phi Theta Kappa 75). Greenleaf talks about many qualities important for servant leaders: inter alia, the servant leader is the one who takes the responsibility for both success and failure, he has the vision, he listens and understands his followers, â€Å"he always accepts and empathizes, never rejects† and he knows about the love needed for a growth of a healthyShow MoreRelatedServant Leadership1076 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1. What are the characteristics of servant leadership as propagated by Greenleaf (1970)? Give examples of servant leaders that you may know. 1. Listening – A critical communication tool, necessary for accurate communication and for actively demonstrating respect for others. According to Greenleaf, â€Å"Only a true natural servant automatically responds to any problem by listening first† (1970). 2. Empathy – The ability to mentally project one’s own consciousness into that of another individualRead MoreServant Leadership : The Servant848 Words   |  4 PagesServant Leadership Paper: (5%) After reading the book â€Å"The Servant† complete a 2-3 page paper on how: 1. How Servant Leadership applies to Nursing 2. How would you use Servant Leadership in your nursing practice 3. How does Servant Leadership apply to a nursing theorist you are familiar with Servant Leadership describes its leaders as those who are able to achieve results for their organization simple by serving the individual team members first and making sure their needs a priority. In thisRead MoreServant Leadership3135 Words   |  13 PagesServant leadership is a vital element in the most successful companies in the United States. The concept of servant leadership has been around for a long time and for good reason. It’s a solid concept whose potential is finally being realized. The following pages will examine the benefits of servant leadership and what it is. Its role in the workplace will be examined and why it plays a crucial function in the success of any organization. Before it can be determined whether servant leadership isRead MoreServant Leadership3894 Words   |  16 PagesRunning Head: SERVANT LEADERSHIP Servant Leadership BUSI 502 – Servant Leadership Professor Kahlib Fischer Rachel Murray Liberty University October 9, 2010 Abstract In the process of interviewing a servant leader, this paper investigates the defining behavior of servant leadership from a practical and philosophical standpoint. 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Robespierre Execution Research Free Essays

Question: What are the reasons for the execution of Maximilien Robespierre? Works Cited Hampson, Norman. The Life and Opinions of Maximilien Robespierre. N. We will write a custom essay sample on Robespierre Execution Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now p. : Duckworth, 1974. Print. In the Suggestions for Further Reading section of A Short History of the French Revolution by Jeremy Popkin, he recommends this book for further reading on Revolutionary Politics. This would be a good secondary source to look into. Sections of this book can be found on JSTOR. Jordan, David P. The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1989. Print. In the Suggestions for Further Reading section of A Short History of the French Revolution by Jeremy Popkin, he recommends this book for further reading on Revolutionary Politics. Online, I see that this book has an entire chapter dedicated to Thermidor. This book is a good secondary source to use. Sections of this book can be found on JSTOR. A complete eBook can be found on Google Books. Proyart, Lievin-Bonaventure. La Vie et les Crimes de Maximilien Robespierre. Augsburg, 1795. Print. In the Works Cited section of The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre, David P. Jordan cites this book, which was written a year after the execution of Robespierre. This is a good secondary source to look at. ?Robespierre, Maximilien,  Discours prononce par Robespierre, a la Convention Nationale, dans la seance du 8 thermidor de l’an 2 de la Republique une et indivisible ; trouve parmi ses papiers par la Commission chargee de les examiner. N. p. : Knowsley Pamphlet Collection, 1794. In the chapter on Thermidor in  The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre. David P. Jordan cites this speech and talks about its impact on his execution. This would make a good primary source to look at. How to cite Robespierre Execution Research, Essays